Ordering seeds by mail is a convenient way for gardeners to access a wide variety of plants, but germination issues can be frustrating and discouraging. This list covers the most common problems encountered with mail order seeds and practical solutions to improve your success rate. Whether you’re a beginner or an experienced grower, understanding these factors will help you get your seedlings off to a strong start.
1. Poor Seed Viability Due to Age or Storage
Seeds lose viability over time, especially if not stored properly before shipping. Mail order seeds may have been stored in fluctuating temperatures or humidity, reducing their ability to germinate. To mitigate this, check the seed packet for a packed or expiration date, and consider purchasing from reputable vendors who guarantee freshness. You can also perform a simple germination test by soaking a few seeds in a damp paper towel to see how many sprout before planting.
2. Incorrect Planting Depth
Planting seeds too deep or too shallow is a frequent cause of germination failure. Each species has a recommended planting depth, often listed on the seed packet—for example, carrot seeds require about 1/4 inch of soil cover, while beans need around 1 to 1.5 inches. Planting too deep can prevent the seedling from reaching the surface, while too shallow can expose seeds to drying out or predation. Use a ruler or your finger to measure depth carefully.
3. Improper Soil Temperature
Seeds have optimal temperature ranges for germination; for instance, tomato seeds germinate best between 70°F and 80°F, while lettuce prefers cooler soil around 60°F to 70°F. Mail order seeds shipped during off-seasons may arrive when outdoor soil is too cold or hot. Using a seedling heat mat or starting seeds indoors under controlled temperatures can improve germination rates significantly.
4. Excessive or Insufficient Moisture
Moisture is critical for seed germination, but both overwatering and underwatering can cause problems. Overly wet soil can lead to seed rot or fungal diseases like damping-off, which kills young seedlings. Conversely, dry soil prevents seeds from absorbing water needed to activate growth. Use a spray bottle or gentle watering method to keep the soil consistently moist but not soggy, especially in the early days after planting.
5. Using the Wrong Growing Medium
Regular garden soil often contains pathogens, debris, or is too dense for delicate seedlings. Many mail order seeds recommend starting in a sterile seed-starting mix, which is lighter and drains well while retaining moisture. Avoid heavy potting soil or garden dirt that can suffocate seeds or harbor diseases. A high-quality seed-starting mix improves air circulation and encourages healthy root development.
6. Not Pre-Soaking or Scarifying Hard Seeds
Certain seeds like sweet peas, morning glories, or some native wildflowers have hard seed coats that inhibit water absorption. Mail order seeds of these varieties often require pre-soaking in water for 12-24 hours or scarification (scratching the seed coat) to break dormancy. Skipping this step can result in poor or uneven germination. Follow specific instructions on the seed packet or vendor website for best results.
7. Lack of Light for Light-Dependent Seeds
Some seeds, such as lettuce, snapdragons, and petunias, need light to germinate and should not be covered with soil. If mail order seeds specify “surface sow only,” planting them too deeply or covering them will prevent sprouting. After sowing, place these seeds in a bright window or under grow lights to provide the necessary light intensity for germination.
8. Exposure to Drafts or Fluctuating Conditions
Mail order seeds started indoors can suffer if placed near cold drafts, heating vents, or fluctuating temperatures. These conditions stress seeds and seedlings, slowing or halting germination. Create a stable environment by using a clear plastic dome or plastic wrap over seed trays to maintain humidity and consistent warmth. Avoid placing trays near windows that open frequently or near air conditioners.
9. Using Expired or Poor Quality Seeds
Sometimes the problem lies with the seeds themselves. Cheap or unbranded seeds sold online without quality control can have low germination rates. Purchasing from established suppliers like Burpee, Johnny’s Selected Seeds, or Baker Creek Heirloom Seeds ensures better quality. If seeds are old, damaged, or improperly stored before shipping, germination will suffer regardless of your care.
10. Ignoring Seed Treatment Requirements
Certain seeds require specific treatments before planting, such as cold stratification for perennials like echinacea or vernalization for biennials. Mail order seed packets or vendor instructions often note these requirements. Ignoring them can lead to no germination even when all other conditions are ideal. Research the species’ needs and replicate any cold or warm treatments at home using your refrigerator or controlled environment.
How to Choose the Right Mail Order Seeds
When selecting mail order seeds, focus on vendor reputation, seed freshness, and clear germination instructions. Look for suppliers who provide germination guarantees or have customer reviews praising seed quality. Check if the seed packet includes detailed planting depth, temperature, and treatment instructions. Avoid bulk or very cheap seed lots where quality control may be lacking. Finally, consider your local climate and growing season to pick varieties suited to your conditions.
Frequently Asked Questions
Q: How can I test if my mail order seeds are still viable?
Perform a germination test by placing 10 seeds on a damp paper towel, fold it, and keep it in a warm place. Check after 7-10 days to see how many have sprouted; a high percentage indicates good viability.
Q: Should I start all mail order seeds indoors?
Not necessarily. Some seeds, like beans and corn, germinate better when direct-sown outdoors. Check the seed packet for recommendations based on the plant type and your climate.
Q: How long do mail order seeds typically last?
Most vegetable seeds remain viable for 2-5 years if stored in a cool, dry place. Some, like onion or parsnip seeds, have shorter lifespans of 1-2 years.
Q: What is damping-off and how do I prevent it?
Damping-off is a fungal disease that kills seedlings, caused by overly wet conditions and poor air circulation. Use sterile seed-starting mix, avoid overwatering, and provide good ventilation to prevent it.
Q: Can I reuse mail order seed packets from previous seasons?
Yes, if they were stored properly and still show good viability in germination tests. However, germination rates decline over time, so fresh seeds are preferable for reliable results.
Final Thoughts
Mail order seeds offer gardeners access to diverse and unique plants but require careful attention to germination details for success. Understanding common problems—from seed viability and planting depth to moisture and temperature—empowers you to troubleshoot and improve your germination rates. By choosing quality seeds, following species-specific instructions, and creating optimal growing conditions, you’ll enjoy healthy seedlings and a more rewarding gardening experience.
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